Исключительное значение креольского Ток Писин для интерлингвистов.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zLsmFomxujc
Пошлите ссылку другу.
Словари и учебники Ток Писин: http://www.lexicons.ru/modern/t/tok-pisin/index.html (введение на русском, словарь на английском)
https://ru.glosbe.com/tpi/ru (перевод на русский, если его нет, то дают намёки - примеры употребления)
https://www.tokpisin.info/ (очень хороший словарь для перевода на английский, группы слов по теме)
https://unilang.org/course.php?res=80 (чёткое введение на простом английском)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Pisin (отличная статья в английской википедии)
http://linguodiversity.narod.ru/Links/Creole/tokpisin.htm (много ссылок на источники)
https://vk.com/tokpisin (группа в Контакте)
Плейлист "Tok Pisin - креольский язык Папуа - Новая Гвинея".
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1gTe4Zho-QBoNjYA4WVMfJ763MjDc6P9
Tok Pisin for Beginners
Tok Pisin is a creole language spoken in the northern mainland of Papua New Guinea and surrounding islands. It is one of the official languages of Papua New Guinea and the most widely used language in use there, spoken by over 4 million people. Tok Pisin is also more commonly called in English "New Guinea Pidgin".
The name "Tok Pisin" itself comes from the language, with "tok" meaning "talk" and "pisin" meaning "pidgin". A pidgin language is one that is created to facilitate communications between two different groups which share no common language. Since its formation, however, it has been steadily developing a more complex and distinctive grammar, and it is now considered a creole (a pidgin language that now has native speakers). The vocabulary is 5/6 Indo-European (mostly English, with some German, Portuguese, and Latin), 1/7 Malayo-Polynesian, and the rest is from Trans-New-Guinea and other languages.
Part one of this course is only intended for absolute beginners.
Contents
Lesson 1: Pronunciation
Pronunciation • Exercises
Lesson 2: Personal Pronouns, Inclusive / Exclusive
Personal Pronouns • Inclusive / Exclusive • Vocabulary • Exercises
Lesson 3: Verbs, Modals, & Plural Nouns
Verbs • Modals • Plural Nouns • Vocabulary • Exercises
Lesson 4: Days, Months, Greetings, Adjectives, and Possesive Pronouns
Days of the Week • Months • Greetings • Adjectives • Possessive Pronouns • Vocabulary • Exercises
Lesson 5: Prepositions, Comparisons, & Numbers
Prepositions • Comparisons • Numbers • Vocabulary • Exercises
Part One - The Basics
Lesson 1: Pronunciation
Pronunciation
Tok Pisin has an interesting way of writing because its uses natural sounds. Unlike English, Tok Pisin does not contain a difficult spelling system. Instead, words are written as how they are said. Many sounds with consonants that are not pronounced in English are written without those consonants in Tok Pisin. For example: "work" (if you say it with a British or Australian accent, the "r" isn't pronounced) would be written "wok". Tok Pisin also has an absence of the "sh", "j" and "ch" sounds. These are replaced with an "s", and the "f" sound is replaced by the "p".
The Tok Pisin word for "fish" would then be "pis" and the word for finger would be "pinga" (remember, the "r" wouldn't be pronounced). For all those Spanish speakers out there, this is really how "finger" is written.
There are twenty-two letters in the alphabet.
| Vowels | ||||
| Letter | Sampa | IPA | Equivalence | |
| A a | [ a ] | [ a ] | as a in "father" | |
| E e | [ e ] | [ e ] | as e in "example" | |
| I i | [ i ] | [ i ] | as i in "issue" | |
| O o | [ o ] | [ o ] | as o in "code" | |
| U u | [ u ] | [ u ] | as u in "clue" | |
| Consonants | ||||
| Letter | Sampa | IPA | Equivalence | |
| B b | [ b ] | [b] | as b in "baby" | |
| D d | [ d ] | [c] | as d in "doctor" | |
| F f | [ f ] | [f] | as f in "feet" (used in some words) | |
| G g | [ g ] | [g] | as g in "ghost" | |
| H h | [ h ] | [h] | as h in "help" | |
| J j | [ dZ ] | [ʤ] | as j in "jew" (used in some words) | |
| K k | [ k ] | [k] | as k in "kill" | |
| L l | [ l ] | [l] | as l in "law" | |
| M m | [ m ] | [m] | as m in "month" | |
| N n | [ n ] | [n] | as n in "name" | |
| P p | [ p ] | [p] | as p in "palm" | |
| R r | [ r ] | [r] | as in Spanish r or dd in "ladder" | |
| S s | [ s ] | [s] | as s in "sail" | |
| T t | [ t ] | [t] | as t in "top" | |
| V v | [ v ] | [v] | as v in "vibe" | |
| W w | [ w ] | [w] | as w in "weigh" | |
| Y y | [ y ] | [j] | as y in "yes" | |
| Dipthongs | ||||
| Letter | Sampa | IPA | Equivalence | |
| ai | [ ai ] | [ ai ] | as i in "time" | |
| au | [ au ] | [ au ] | as ow in "cow" | |
Note that that C, Q, X, and Z of the English alphabet have been removed. Their sounds are replaced by K or S, KW, KIS, and S respectively.
Exercises
Exercise A: Read aloud:
1) pikinini
2) grin
3) meri
4) buk
5) pas
6) wok
7) pusi
8) haus
9) hat
10) nogut
11) pupol
12) kar
13) man
14) mamapapa
15) wait
16) gras
17) dok
18) skul
Lesson 2: Personal Pronouns, Inclusive / Exclusive
Personal Pronouns
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. For example: he, herself, it, and this. If we replaced the nouns in the sentence "Please give the book to John" it would read "Please give it to him.". There are different types of pronouns. For now, we will look at the personal pronouns.
In Tok Pisin the pronouns are as follows, according to the simpler common pronoun chart, which has only singular and plural:
| Singular | Plural | ||||
| 1st person | mi | I, me | mipela | we | |
| 2nd person | yu | you | yupela | you (all) | |
| 3rd person | em | he,she, it | ol | they, them | |
To make a pronoun plural, you add "-pela". -pela is also used in adjectives. *em and ol are not part of this rule*
Tok Pisin extends the distinction between you (singular) and you (plural). You would use yutu, when addressing two people, or yutri, when there are three people. Four or more people would be yupela.
Inclusive / Exclusive
Tok Pisin has what is called an inclusive and exclusive rule. In English, when you say something like "we are friends" in English, you wouldn't know whether that person meant you or someone else. Tok Pisin, however, has a rule for making that distinction.
Example:
| we (excluding you) are kids | mipela stap pikinini |
| we (including you) are kids | yumi stap pikinini |
we (inclusive) = yumi
we (exclusive) = mipela
Now we will look again at the personal pronoun table, expanded to include the extensions we discussed.
| Singular | Dual | Triple | Plural | ||||||||
| 1st excl. | mi | I, me | mitupela | he/she and I | mitripela | both of them and I | mipela | all of them and I | |||
| 1st incl. | -- | -- | yumitupela | you (familiar) and I | yumitripela | both of you and I | yumipela | all of you and I | |||
| 2nd | yu | you (familiar) | yutupela | you two | yutripela | you three | yupela | you (four or more) | |||
| 3rd | em | he,she, it | tupela | they two | tripela | they three | ol | they (four or more) | |||
More Examples:
| I am a kid | mi stap wanpela pikinini |
| You are a kid | yu stap wanpela pikinini |
| He is a kid | em i stap wanpela pikinini man |
| She is a kid | em i stap wanpela pikinini meri |
| It is a dog | em i stap wanpela dok |
| They are kids | ol i stap pikinini |
There are a few things in the above examples which you haven't seen. First is the present progressive form "stap". It's the equivalent of the English "to be" with the "-ing" ending. It's used in this case like "to be", and is normally used with a verb. We will look at more of these tense markers in the next lesson.
The word "wanpela" means "one", and when needed, acts as the indefinite article "a/an".
The word "i" that appears before the verb is called a predicate marker, and it must occur in a sentence when the subject is em, "ol, or a noun. The creation of such an device in the language might be caused by the misinterpretation of "he" when used in reduplication. In simpler terms, a person might say "John, he is a fool", with "he" referring back to "John". With "i" sounding like "ee", this seems a logical explanation.
Lastly, note that nouns do not change form when used as plurals. The plural is inferred mainly from the context. We will discuss this more in the next lesson.
Vocabulary
| man | man |
| meri | woman |
| pikinini | kid, child |
| dok | dog |
| pikinini man | boy |
| pikinini meri | girl |
| buk | book |
| studen | student |
| tisa | teacher |
| kar | car |
| Jon | John |
| Tom | Tom |
Exercises
Exercise A: Translate to English:
1) Em i stap wanpela man.
2) Em i stap wanpela pikinini meri.
3) Em i stap wanpela tisa.
4) Mipela stap studen.
5) Em i stap wanpela kar.
Exercise B: Translate to Tok Pisin:
1) They are books.
2) It is a dog.
3) John is a boy.
4) Tom is a teacher.
5) She is a woman.
Solutions
Solution of Exercise A:
1) He is a man.
2) She is a girl.
3) He is a teacher.
4) We are students.
5) It is a car.
Solution of Exercise B:
1) Ol i stap buk.
2) Em i stap wanpela dok.
3) Jon i stap wanpela pikinini man.
4) Tom i stap wanpela tisa.
5) Em i stap wanpela meri.
Lesson 3: Verbs, Modals, & Plural Nouns
Verbs
In this lesson we will cover some verbs and their forms. In Tok Pisin, verbs don't change from person to person (1st person, 2nd person, etc..). Also, you don't have to add any "ed" or "ing" suffixes to show tenses. Ex: mi wok nau (I'm working now) mi wok asde (I worked yesterday).
Most Tok Pisin verbs come from a root verb in English or a local language, like "kat" ("cut"), "giv" ("give"), "rit" ("read"). To make these verbs transitive (acting upon a object), the ending "-im" is added.
| Intransitive | Transitive | ||
| I cut | Mi kat | I cut fruit | Mi katim frut. |
| I give | Mi giv | I give money | Mi givim mani. |
| I read | Mi rit | I read books | Mi ritim buk. |
There are some verbs that have slightly different forms when going from intransitive to transitive:
lukluk => lukim (see)
toktok => tokim (talk)
Some verbs do not get changed for transivity at all, however, such as "kaikai" ("eat"). "kaikai" also means "food" when used as a noun.
We are going to look at 4 tenses here: the present ("I do"), the present progressive ("I am doing"), the past ("I did"), and the future ("I will do"). Each of these is shown by an auxillary verb (or lack of). The present tense uses no auxillary verb, being the most basic of tenses. The present progressive tense is shown by "stap", as we learned in the previous lesson. The past tense is marked with "bin", which comes from English "been". The future tense is shown with "bai", which is a short form of "baimbai", which in turn comes from the English "by and by". There is also an immediate future tense shown by "laik". Be careful not to confuse this with the modal "laik" which will be shown later.
| kat = cut | giv = give | |||
| Present (intransitive) | Mi kat. | I cut. | Mi giv. | I give. |
| Present | Mi katim frut. | I cut fruit. | Mi givim mani. | I give money. |
| Present progressive | Mi stap katim frut. | I am cutting fruit. | Mi stap givim mani. | I am giving money. |
| Past | Mi bin katim frut. | I have/had cut fruit. | Mi bin givim mani. | I have given money. |
| Future | Bai mi katim frut. | I will cut fruit. | Bai mi givim mani. | I will give money. |
| Future (immediate) | Mi laik katim frut. | I am about to cut fruit. | Mi laik givim mani. | I am about to give money. |
These tense markers interact with the predicate marker "i" in different ways.
| Jon i bin wok asde | John worked yesterday |
| Jon bai i wok tumora | John will work tomorrow |
In the first sentence, you can see that it works pretty much like you would expect, with the verb tense marker bin coming after the i. However, in the second sentence, the i comes after the tense marker bai. This is probably because of the way such phrases would be said in English. We would say (in a simplified way) "John he worked yesterday" and "John, by and by, he works tomorrow". Now note an even bigger change in the next sentence.
| Jon i wok i stap nau | John is working now |
In the above example, the verb (wok) goes before the auxillary verb (stap>), and an extra i is added.
Lastly, we have pinis, which equates to the English "finish" and always goes after the verb.
| Jon i wok pinis | John is finished working |
Modals
Modal verbs are special verbs which behave very differently from normal verbs. The work with normal verbs to further define them. We will look at five of them here: laik, save, ken. mas, and inap.
| Modal | Usage | From | Tok Pisin | English |
| laik | desired | English "like" | Jon i laik wok | John likes to work. |
| save | habitual | Portuguese "saber" (know) | Jon i save wok long tunde | John works on Tuesday. |
| ken | permission, ability | English "can" | Jon i ken wok | John can work. |
| mas | obligation | English "must" | Jon i mas wok | John must work. |
| inap | able | Jon inap wok | John is able to work. |
Note that "inap" has no i before it. This is because it has already been combined ("inap").
Plural Nouns
In Tok Pisin, nouns are pluralized by putting "ol" before the word.
Example:
man = man
ol man = men
| I saw a man | mi bin lukim wanpela man |
| I saw men | mi bin lukim ol man |
Note: If pluralization is implied, as in "triplea dok (three dogs), don't use "ol".
| I saw three men | mi bin lukim tripela man |
Vocabulary
| tete | today |
| asde | yesterday |
| tumora | tomorrow |
| nau | now |
| frut | fruit |
| mani | money |
| pas | letter |
| wok | to work, job (also used as "to do") |
| rait | to write |
| kat | to cut |
| giv | to give |
| rit | to read |
| kaikai | to eat, food |
| toktok | talk, speak |
| lukluk | see, look |
| tripela | three |
Exercises
Exercise A: Translate to English:
1) Yupela bai i ritim tripela buk.
2) Em i katim i stap tete.
3) Mipela givim mani.
4) Mi bai i raitim tripela pas.
5) Em inap ritim wanpela buk.
6) Ol i wok i stap tete.
Exercise B: Translate to Tok Pisin:
1) You (sing) will give money.
2) She cut fruit yesterday.
3) He must read a book now.
4) I will cut fruit today.
5) We will see John tomorrow.
6) They (plural) read the letters.
Solutions
Solution of Exercise A:
1) You (plural) will read three books.
2) He cut frut today.
3) We give money.
4) I will write three letters.
5) She can (is able) read a book.
6) They (plural) work today.
Solution of Exercise B:
1) Yu bai i givim mani
2) Em i bin katim frut asde.
3) Em i mas ritim wanpela buk nau.
4) Mi bai i katim frut tete.
5) Mipela bai i lukim Jon tumora.
6) Ol ritim pas.
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